Sensory Analysis in Quality Control: The Gin as an Example

The quality of a food product could be defined by different ways from a widely manner to a more detailed one. One of the most usual meanings is define the quality as “in conformity with consumer’s requirements and acceptance, is determined by their sensory attributes, chemical composition, physical properties, and level of microbiological and toxicological contaminants, shelf-life, packaging and labelling”. In order to manage the quality of a food product most industries have defined quality control and quality assurance programs. In the recent years, a lot of companies have established a quality control/sensory program especially the food industry. Frequently the quality control of a food needs some multidisciplinary approaches. In the last years, the advances in instrumental techniques have been enormous, increasingly the sensitivity and selectivity of the analytes detection so the control of chemical composition or toxicological contaminants must be easier. In spite of these the perception of flavour product usually must be measured by sensory analysis. But only some of the food industry use a sensory program compared to other disciplines (Muñoz, 2002). However some companies confirmed a relationship between instrumental and sensory measurements. The sensory analysis is a scientific discipline in which man is a measure instrument. It is often defined as “a discipline used to evoke, measure, analyse and interpret reactions to the characteristics of foods and similar materials as they are perceived by the sense of sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing” (Mc Ilveen & Armstrong, 1996; Piggott, et al., 1998). The latter has the same requirements as the chemical determinations, thus it means, it must be accurate, precise and valid. The discipline of sensory analysis use scientific principles drawn back from food science, physiology, psychology and statistics (Piggott, et al., 1998). The sensory quality is much difficult because it depends not only of food characteristics but of the consumer (Costell, 2002). Thus sensory quality could be product oriented or consumer oriented. Therefore, the role of sensory analysis in the food industry could be more important than it is actually. Sensory analysis have different approaches, requirements, and practical applicability and usually requires a lot of time, difficulties in analyzing data and the expertise are not always available. Is difficult organize a trained panel test, to have the adequate reference standards, and difficulties in focus the objective for the analysis so to perform the optimum sensorial test..

Recent advances in pharmaceutical sciences VII

The E-book series Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences reports research contributions from different areas of the multidisciplinary field of Pharmaceutical Sciences. This seventh volume consists of nine chapters, mainly dealing with the fields of botany, physiology, food science, biochemistry & molecular biology, plant physiology, microbiology, parasitology, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry

Changes in the Volatile Profile of Wheat Sourdough Produced with the Addition of Cava Lees

The volatile fraction is of great importance for the organoleptic quality and consumer acceptance of bread. The use of sourdough improves the sensory profile of bread, as well as the addition of new ingredients to the fermentation. Cava lees are a sparkling wine by-product formed of dead microorganisms, tartaric acid, and other inorganic compounds, rich in antioxidant compounds as well as β-glucans and mannoproteins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Cava lees (0-2% w/w) on sourdough volatile compounds to re-valorize this by-product of the wine industry. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was optimized to study the volatile fractions of sourdoughs. The parameters selected were 60 °C, 15 min of equilibrium, and 30 min of extraction. It was found that the addition of Cava lees resulted in higher concentrations of volatile compounds (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones and esters), with the highest values being reached with the 2% Cava lees. Moreover, Cava lees contributed to aroma due to the compounds usually found in sparkling wine, such as 1-butanol, octanoic acid, benzaldehyde and ethyl hexanoate. Keywords: sourdough, HS-SPME-GC-MS, volatile compounds, Cava lees, wine by-produc

Inhibition of Biogenic Amines Formation in Fermented Foods by the Addition of Cava Lees

Food safety can be compromised by some bioactive compounds such as biogenic amines that can be specially found in fermented foods due to the bacterial decarboxylation of some amino acids by fermentative or spoilage bacteria. Cava lees are a winery by-product rich in fiber and phenolic compounds and previous works have raised their revalorization from a food safety point of view. The aim of the current work was to investigate whether the use of cava lees can help to control biogenic amine formation in bread and fermented sausages. In bread, only very low levels of biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, and/or spermidine) were found, whose content did not vary with the addition of different amounts of lees. However, the addition of lees in fermented sausages significantly reduced the formation of tyramine and cadaverine. In sausages spontaneously fermented and inoculated with Salmonella spp., the presence of cadaverine and putrescine diminished by 62 and 78%, respectively, due to the addition of cava lees. The addition of cava lees phenolic extract also showed an anti aminogenic effect (21% for cadaverine and 40% for putrescine), although in a lesser extent than cava lees. Cava lees and their phenolic extract were shown to be an effective strategy to control the undesirable accumulation of high levels of biogenic amines during the production of fermented products

Caracterización de compuestos volátiles en bebidas derivadas de fruta

[spa] Las frutas y sus derivados (especialmente zumos y néctares) y como principal bebida alcohólica el vino, tienen una gran importancia económica y social en los países mediterráneos. La definición de los parámetros de calidad aromática es de gran interés tanto para los organismos legislativos como para las empresas productoras. El objetivo principal de este trabajo ha sido la caracterización aromática de bebidas derivadas de fruta. Para eso, primero hay que establecer un método analítico que sea adecuado para el control de calidad, por tanto tiene que ser rápido, fácil, económico y respetuoso con el medio ambiente. En la elaboración de los derivados de fruta se utilizan de forma habitual enzimas pectolíticos, lo que supone una modificación de la composición en polisacáridos y, dado el papel de estos en la retención de los compuestos volátiles, esto puede afectar a la percepción. Por tanto el segundo objetivo ha sido estudiar la influencia de los polisacáridos sobre la composición volátil. Después de una revisión detallada se ha escogido como método analítico la Microextracción en Fase Sólida (SPME) con la fibra de PDMS. Esta técnica se ha aplicado a zumos y néctares de albaricoque, melocotón y pera de distinto origen (convencional y biológico). Se ha identificado un amplio perfil aromático y a partir de estos resultados se ha establecido la capacidad discriminante del método ya que a partir de los compuestos volátiles se han separado las muestras según la fruta y además según el tipo de producción. También se ha aplicado el método a dos cavas (vino espumoso de calidad elaborado en una región determinada) de distinto tiempo de envejecimiento. Se han ensayado dos fibras, la PDMS y, la más novedosa de DVB-CAR-PDMS. El método de SPME con la fibra de triple recubrimiento, permite discriminar los cavas según un parámetro mucho más exigente como son los meses de rima. Para estudiar la influencia de los polisacáridos sobre la composición volátil es necesario determinar la composición en polisacáridos según su peso molecular, mediante un método ventajoso para ser utilizado rutinariamente. El método escogido ha sido la cromatografía de gel permeación (GPC). La capacidad discriminante de este método se ha demostrado en zumos y néctares comerciales, diferenciando entre el origen convencional y biológico de estos zumos y, en mostos de uva diferenciando entre extractos que provienen de vides con distinta producción (kg/ha). Finalmente, los dos métodos han sido aplicados a zumos de albaricoque, melocotón y pera elaborados en el laboratorio de los cuales se han obtenido tres tipos: los control (sin tratamiento enzimático), un segundo zumo al que se ha aplicado un enzima para facilitar la extracción y finalmente un tercer grupo al que se ha aplicado un enzima para clarificar. La composición en polisacáridos varía en función de la fruta estudiada e incluso de la variedad, pero en general los enzimas incrementan la composición en polisacáridos de menor peso molecular. Se han identificado numerosas familias químicas en el perfil volátil obtenido por SPME y fibra DVB-CAR-PDMS y al estudiar el efecto de los enzimas sobre los volátiles, el tratamiento parece ser útil para los zumos de albaricoque dando lugar a zumos más ricos en terpenos y norisoprenoides (de sabor agradable); mientras que parece no favorecer aromáticamente los zumos de melocotón y pera ya que disminuyen las lactonas y los ésteres de decadienoato que son los compuestos impacto de estas frutas, respectivamente.[eng] Fruits and its derivatives have a great social and economic importance in the Mediterranean Countries. The present study aims at the identification of characteristic volatile compounds in fruit derived beverages using a rapid, easy, economic and respectful with the environment method. The influence of the polysaccharides to the volatile compounds was also examined. Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) using PDMS fibers was the technique established for this study. This extraction method was applied to different commercial juices and nectars, such as apricot, peach and pear, which were processed in an organic and conventional way. A wide range of chemical families were obtained and although the discriminate capacity was checked. Using the same method two different aging series of cava (Spanish sparkling wine) were analyzed. The technique employed was able to differentiate the analyzed cavas according to the ageing time. In order to study the influence of polysaccharides to the volatile composition, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), a molecular weight method, was used. GPC showed a high discriminate capacity not only in grapes of different yields (kg/ha) and different maturation indexes but also in juices and nectars of different origins and production processes, conventional and organic. Finally, the SPME and GPC methods were applied to apricot, peach and pear juices elaborated in the laboratory. After two enzymatic treatments applied during the manufacture of the fruit juices, the behavior of volatile compounds was described. Chemical families, never before identified in these fruits, were found. The enzymes used for the clarification and extraction of fruit juices modified the polysaccharides, and as a result of that the volatile composition. In apricot the enzymes enhanced some varietal compounds, such as terpenes and norisoprenoids. In contrast to apricot, the amount of lactones and decadienoate esters, the character impact compounds of peach and pear, didn't get favored by the enzymes used

Cava (Spanish sparkling wine) aroma: composition and determination methods

Podeu consultar el llibre complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/46988Cava (Spanish sparkling wine) is one of the most important quality sparkling wines in Europe. It is produced by the traditional method in which a base wine is re-fermented and aged in the same bottle that reaches the consumer. The special ageing in contact with lees gives the cava a particular bouquet with toasty, sweet or lactic notes. These nuances could be related with the chemical composition of aroma. The methods required to analyze the flavor of cava are revised. Three approaches are necessary to obtain a wider profile: chemical, olfactometric and sensory

Characterization of white and rosé sparkling wine lees surface volatiles

Cava is a sparkling wine that requires a second fermentation in the bottle. Its volatile fraction is conditioned by different parameters (grape, vinification process, fermentative yeast, and aging time). During the autolysis process, yeasts release compounds into the wine, but lees can adsorb certain compounds on their surface. Therefore, the aim of this work was to characterize different white and rosé Cavas, and their lees. For this, white Cavas (CGR1: 40 months; CR1: 16 months) and rosé Cavas (CRR1: multivarietal coupage; CRR2: monovarietal; both 20 months) were studied. Once disgorged, lees were freeze-dried (L-CGR1, L-CR1, L-CRR1 and L-CRR2). In addition, lees waste from the winery were collected. pH, total polyphenol index (TPI) and colour intensity (CI) of Cavas and lees were determined. The volatile fraction was analysed by Head-Space Solid Phase Microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Lees showed higher values than their respective Cavas for TPI and CI, especially in the case of the L-CGR1. Most of the volatiles were identified both in Cavas and their lees, esters being the main compounds. Therefore, lees can retain phenolic and volatile compounds on their surface, which could be of interest as a new ingredient in the food industry

Recent advances in pharmaceutical sciences VII

The E-book series Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences reports research contributions from different areas of the multidisciplinary field of Pharmaceutical Sciences. This seventh volume consists of nine chapters, mainly dealing with the fields of botany, physiology, food science, biochemistry & molecular biology, plant physiology, microbiology, parasitology, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry

Potential Prebiotic Effect of Cava Lees: Changes in Gut Microbiota

Lees are a winery by-product with a fiber-rich composition that could have a potential prebiotic effect on gut microbiota. Prebiotics cannot be digested by humans but can be used by bacteria found in the large intestine. To evaluate the potential prebiotic effect of lees, they were administered to Wistar rats for 14 days. Feces were collected daily, and DNA was extracted and analyzed by shot gun sequencing. The supplementation with lees did not affect weight, food intake, or water consumption of the studied rats. It was found that lees promoted the increase of relative abundance of probiotic bacteria belonging to the Lactobacillaceae family, as well as other potentially probiotic species such as Blautia hansenii, Roseburia intestinalis, and Ruminococcus obeum. Moreover, lees supplementation also reduced the abundance of certain pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, lees can improve the presence of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and can be re-valorized as a new ingredient in food formulation